15 Examples Florida was one of the later entrants into PDMPs, but it has moved swiftly to create a program that has reduced opioid prescriptions written for pain management. The Florida PDMP, called E-FORCSE (Electronic-Florida Online Reporting of Controlled Substance Evaluation Program), has introduced a number of effective collaborative programs in its strategy. Through its 2013 Harold Rogers Data-Driven Multi-Disciplinary Approach to Reducing Prescription Drug Abuse Grant, a long-term collaboration has been established between the PDMP, law enforcement, and the public health and research community in Florida to: • collect and analyze data by centralizing existing data sources • complete practitioner surveys and establish a focus group • increase the engagement of Florida’s public health community in PDMP use via early participation in technical design and development of practitioner metrics • work with interested parties and stakeholders to develop educational opportunities and brochures to educate health care practitioners regarding legitimate and appropriate use of controlled substances . • develop valid data-driven analytic strategies.”54 Kentucky has become one of the leading showcases for PDMP programs. According to Peter Kreiner, principal investigator for the PDMP Center of Excellence at Brandeis University, the Kentucky All Schedule Prescription Electronic Reporting Schedule (KASPER) is regarded by many as a “gold standard” for state PDMPs. KASPER has published its reporting guide. Kreiner attributes its success to three primary factors: legislation that mandates physician and pharmacy compliance; ongoing innovation, such as improvements in timeliness of data reporting; and high levels of ongoing cooperation among key stakeholders.55 The Washington state Department of Health developed an innovative approach to creating its Prescription Monitoring Program (PMP) by focusing on integrating its registry with electronic medical records, so that separate inquiries to a PDMP system were not required.56 The result was a dramatic increase in the use of the PDMP records. The state made this possible by using its health information exchange (HIE) as a transport mechanism to accomplish the integration with major health information systems. Washington also successfully positioned the process as qualifying under meaningful use regulations for federal funding support. The Association of State and Territorial Health Organizations has posted a story about this effort. The BJA Comprehensive Opioid Abuse Program highlights additional examples of PDMPs. Resources The CDC has a prevention program in which it funds states to enhance their PDMPs to improve their usefulness and support community efforts to maximize their value. Additional information and resources are available from the National Alliance for Model State Drug Laws, the National Association of State Controlled Substances Authorities and the Prescription Drug Monitoring Program Training and Technical Assistance Center (the PDMP TTAC and the PDMP Center of Excellence have merged into a single program).