22 using stronger designs and controlling for selection bias, is needed on the types and length of post-release care that are most effective for reducing relapse and recidivism.77 There has been relatively little research on the impact of other types of prison treatment. Recent pilot studies suggest that MAT (included extended- release naltrexone) may have promise for improving outcomes for offenders with opioid dependence. There has been very little research on effective treatment models or modalities for offenders on probation or parole, although most are under such supervision. A full set of practices and components for programs seeking to improve post- release treatment programs is provided in the Treatment Improvement Protocol (TIP) developed by SAMSHA for this express purpose. While somewhat dated, TIP describes best practices for designing and implementing a program based on evidence of success. The Virginia Department of Corrections has instituted a substance use disorder treatment program for inmates and, by extension, for post-release treatment. “Upon release, the participants are required to transition into an outpatient substance use disorder treatment program provided by a local Community Service Board (CSB) that employs a multi- faceted approach to treatment including the use of medication, counseling and wrap-around services.”78 California has a Substance Abuse Treatment and Recovery (STAR) Program. “The STAR program provides relapse prevention education to parolees with substance use disorder treatment needs. STAR is designed to help parolees understand addiction and recovery as an ongoing process, not a singular event. STAR teachers work closely with students to help them identify their needs and develop a plan of action that will support post-release recovery activities.”79 Resources The Justice Center under the Council of State Governments offers a resource page. The National Institute of Drug Abuse provides a rich set of publications related to treatment and prevention modalities and provides funding for research on drug abuse issues. The GAINS Center at SAMSHA provides resources and links to further information related to criminal justice and behavioral health. The National Reentry Resource Center lists a grant program under the Second Chance Act Reentry Program for Adults with Co-Occurring Substance Use and Mental Disorders.